The Surasenas: An Overview of an Ancient Tribe

The Surasenas, an ancient tribe mentioned in the Manavadharma-sastra, hold a notable place in the history of Indo-Aryan society. Although they are not referenced in Vedic literature, they are highly regarded as part of the Brahmarisi-desa, or the land of great Brahmanical seers. This suggests that they played a significant role in the cultural and social fabric of early Aryan civilization.

During the time of Manu's Code, the Surasenas occupied a societal rank second only to the Brahmavarta, indicating their significance within the Vedic community. Their connection to the Yadu dynasty, which appears multiple times in the Rig Veda, reinforces their identity within the Vedic people, despite their absence from the earlier texts.

Manu praised the martial prowess of the Surasenas, asserting that a king should place them at the forefront of the army. Their presence in the Mahabharata, alongside other tribes like the Kuru-Panchalas and Salvas, further establishes their political and military importance. Mathura, their capital located on the banks of the Yamuna River, served as a center of power and culture for the Surasenas. Notably, King Suvahu is recorded as a prominent leader from this tribe.

Buddhist texts recognize the Surasenas as one of the sixteen mahajanapadas, highlighting their wealth and prosperity. Mathura emerged as a crucial hub for Buddhism, fostering its growth during the centuries around the Christian era. The Jaina community also flourished there, establishing one of the few centers of Jainism in that period. Despite the rise of the Bhagavata religion, Mathura's royal patronage leaned heavily toward Buddhism from the first century B.C. to the third century A.D., indicating a rich tapestry of religious and cultural dynamics.

In summary, the Surasenas represent an essential facet of ancient Indian history, illustrating the complexity of tribal societies and their enduring legacies.